Theorists who follow the psychometric approach to intelligence believe that a general ability called the "g factor" underlies many specific abilities tapped by intelligence tests, whereas others do not. The traditional psychometric approach to intelligence focuses on how well people perform on standardized aptitude tests. The intelligence quotient, IQ, represents how a person has done on an intelligence test compared to other people. Alfred Binet designed the first widely used intelligence test, to identify children who could benefit from remedial work. But in North America, people assumed that intelligence tests revealed "natural ability" and used the tests to categorize people in school and in the armed services.
IQ tests have been criticized for being biased in favour of white, middle-class people. However, efforts to construct tests that are free of cultural influence have been disappointing. Culture affects nearly everything to do with taking a test, from attitudes to problem-solving strategies. Negative stereotypes about a person's ethnicity, gender, or age may cause the person to suffer stereotype threat, which can lead to anxiety or "disidentificaton" with the test.
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